Istanbul
Istanbul got its first urban rail line in 1875, when the Tunel funicular opened, the second-oldest underground railway in the world after London's. The modern metro began with the M1 light metro in 1989, and the M2, opened in 2000, was the first full-scale metro line. The network has grown quickly since. Marmaray opened in 2013, tunneling under the Bosphorus to link Europe and Asia by rail for the first time, and from 2023 the M11 opened in stages, giving travelers a direct metro ride to Istanbul Airport.
